Transient Response Analysis of Control Systems

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    Check our loyal member Nasir’s last article from his tutorial on Control Systems.

    Introduction

    As we discussed earlier there are two ways to analyze the functioning of a control system, time domain and frequency domain analysis. In time-domain analysis the response of a dynamic system to an input is expressed as a function of time. The time response can only be analyzed when the model of system plus nature of input signals are known.

    AS the input signals are usually not comprehended completely ahead of time, it is difficult to express the input signals through simple mathematical equations. The behavior of a system that is dynamic in nature is analyzed under typical test signals. These signals are an impulse, a step, a constant velocity and constant acceleration. Another signal is sinusoidal which is of great importance.

    There are two components of time response of a system:

    1. Steady-state response
    2. Transient response

    Transient Response Analysis of Control Systems1

    Steady State Response

    It is the constituent of the system that only response when the time approaches infinity. It depends upon both the dynamics of the system and the input quantity. It is analyzed by using different test signals like step, ramp or parabolic. Then it is examined using final value theorem.

    Transient Response

    The constituent of any control system that disappears with time is called transient response of a system. It depends upon the poles of the system and not on input or its type. So the transient response can be analyzed easily using step input.

    The general equation is given by:

    Transient Response Analysis of Control Systems2

    Transient response analysis computes the behavior of structure given to time-varying excitation. There are two different numerical methods used to analyze transient response:

    1. Direct Transient Response
    2. Modal Transient Response

    Direct Transient Response

    In direct transient response we perform integration on coupled equations of motion to find the structural response.

    Transient Response Analysis of Control Systems3

    By using central finite difference representation for the velocity and acceleration at discrete times:

    Transient Response Analysis of Control Systems4

    Now,

    Transient Response Analysis of Control Systems5

    The equation of motion can now be written as:

    Transient Response Analysis of Control Systems6

    Where,

    Matrix [A1] is dynamic matrix while [A2] [A1] is the force applied. The transient response is calculated by modifying the applied force matrix [A2] with the terms [A3] and [A4]

    Straightforwardly [M], and [K] are supposed to be constant during the whole time of analysis and assumed to be not changing with time. What benefit this equation provides that if
    Transient Response Analysis of Control Systems_symbolt remains constant throughout the analysis then Matrix [A1] need to be decomposed one time only but if Transient Response Analysis of Control Systems_symbolt is changed then Matrix [A1] must be re-decomposed which can be very difficult process in huge operations.

    One other benefit of direct transient response analysis is that time interval of output may be larger than the time interval of solution.

    Damping In Direct Transient Response

    Matrix is used as damping matrix; it shows the dissipation of energy which is the characteristic of structure. The damping matrix consist of quite a few matrices:

    Transient Response Analysis of Control Systems7

    Where, G shows overall structural damping coefficient, [B1] shows damping elements and B2GG, [B2] is B2PP direct input matrix and transfer function, [K] is global stiffness, [KE] is element stiffness, [GE] is element structural damping coefficient, [W3]/[W4] is frequency of interest in radians per unit time.

    Modal Transient Response

    Modal transient response is another way to compute the system’s transient response. In this technique, we use two shapes of structure to trim down the size of the equations and then uncouple them (when no damping or modal is used). By this way our numerical integration is more accurate.

    Transient Response Analysis of Control Systems8

    If we ignore damping, the equation becomes:

    Transient Response Analysis of Control Systems9

    Now,

    Transient Response Analysis of Control Systems10

    Where, Transient Response Analysis of Control Systems_symbol2 [M] Transient Response Analysis of Control Systems_symbol2 is modal overall mass matrix, Transient Response Analysis of Control Systems_symbol2 [K] Transient Response Analysis of Control Systems_symbol2 is modal overall stiffness matrix, Transient Response Analysis of Control Systems_symbol2 {P} is modal force vector.

    The uncoupled form is written as:

    Transient Response Analysis of Control Systems11

    The above written equation shows the modal equations are uncoupled. Where mi is i-th mass, ki is i-th stiffness, pi i-th force.

    Damping In Modal Transient Response Analysis

    The damping matrix is given by equation:

    Transient Response Analysis of Control Systems12

    When matrix is there than modal transient is solved in terms of coordinates and direct transient integration is used. Equations are comparable with direct transient equations but these are in coordinates form.

    Transient Response Analysis of Control Systems13

    Conclusion

    There are two components of any time domain analysis. In this tutorial we have discussed one of them that is transient response of a system in detail. We studied direct transient response and modal transient response and damping in both of them.

    In the upcoming tutorial we will introduce you to Laplace transform which is one of the most important part of this tutorial. So don’t miss it out.

    Nasir.

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